(Image: Clue)

Did you know that in the 1950s-1960s a drug called thalidomide–a drug given to pregnant women to combat morning sickness–caused birth defects? While the thought behind it meant well, as they didn't want to test pregnant women and therefore harm the unborn child, the result negatively affected thousands of babies. This method of excluding women in pharmacology didn’t and doesn’t just stop with those who are pregnant, it bleeds into the population of women as a whole. So much so, to the point where researchers exclude female mice from testing to avoid the extra cost of housing both sexes. Also concerned that the differences in females would “mess up” the study.

This issue mainly stems from researchers seeing men as the default, historical bias, and male dominated leadership. When it came to drug development, researchers thought of women as smaller men. Not only is this belief harmful but it’s completely untrue, adversely affecting the women who have to then take drugs produced with this belief in mind. Women have a smaller kidney size, a higher fat content, and are smaller (on average) than men. And by using men as a default it can overlook the differences that can cause medicine to absorb, process, and respond differently in women. 

Historical Bias in researchers was displayed during Covid-19. During the pandemic, there was evidence that showed different infection rates, drug responses, and mortality risks. And even then, only 4% of clinical trials sought to recruit women. This gap in data grows worse with pregnant and lactating women, causing them to be left with the choice of declining treatment or choosing one not tested with them in mind. 

When it comes to biomedical research, as of 2024 women made up 33.5% of principal investigators (PI)–which is the lead scientist or MD that is in control of the clinical trial. It was also found that trials with women as the PI had a higher proportion of female participants and were less likely to disbar pregnant women. Meaning, that even though there aren’t as many female PIs as there are males, when women aren’t the ones designing clinical trials, there’s a risk of exclusion. But this shouldn’t be the case. A leader who isn’t a female shouldn’t mean a lower percentage in the amount of women participating in a clinical trial. 

So what is being done to help? In 1993, the United States passed an Act that drove researchers to include women in clinical trials. And in 2016, there was a policy put in place by the NIH that made biological sex differences something that needed to be reported by researchers using NIH funding. 

The exclusion of women in pharmacological studies is something that has been happening for decades. This way of research doesn’t just affect women with risks, but women as whole. The issue mainly comes from historical biases, men being seen as the default, and male-dominated leadership roles. This way of thinking is harmful to women because they have hormonal, reproductive, metabolic, and other differences that can impact pharmaceutical results. And while there are things being done to help, more can be done when it comes to accountability and following enrollment protocols. 

Works Cited:

 Balch, Bridget. “Why We Know so Little About Women’s Health.” Association of American Medical Colleges, 26 Mar. 2024, https://www.aamc.org/news/why-we-know-so-little-about-women-s-health.

Gupta, Harsh, et al. “Gender Diversity of Research Teams and Clinical Trial Enrollment.” JAMA Network Open, vol. 8, no. 10, Oct. 2025, pp. e2537667–67, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.37667.

Karimi, Parmida, et al. “What Are the Trends in Women’s Representation Among Principal Investigators of US Clinical Trials in the Field of Genetics?” Cureus, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75098.

Singh, Kavita, and Renu Swarup. “Women Are Poorly Represented in Clinical Trials. That’s Problematic.” Nature India, Mar. 2025, pp. -, https://doi.org/10.1038/d44151-025-00036-y.

University of Utah Health. “Why We Know so Little About Women’s Health.” University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health, 15 Jan. 2025, https://uofuhealth.utah.edu/notes/2025/01/why-we-know-so-little-about-womens-health.

Wellie Chihaluca. “Women Are Not Just Small Men: Why Clinical Trials Need to Catch up - Clinical Trials Ontario.” Clinical Trials Ontario, 6 Mar. 2026, https://ctontario.ca/women-are-not-just-small-men-why-clinical-trials-need-to-catch-up/.

(Image: Southsie Pain Specialists)

Due to women being the ones who experience childbirth, many believe that women have a higher pain tolerance than men. This belief causes an overlook when it comes to the pain of women. It doesn’t only affect people’s personal biases, but ones in the medical field as well. And while this way of thinking is false, the reality is almost the complete opposite.

Pain tolerance is a tricky concept to measure due to it being a subjective experience. To measure pain tolerance there needs to be communication through patterns, descriptions, and emotional responses. This alone has differences between genders. Researchers found that in response to pain, women used descriptive language, with a focus on their sensory symptoms. Men on the other hand, tended to express anger though staying objective. 

The pain threshold is where a painful sensation starts, meaning if you have a lower threshold you start to feel pain quicker than someone with a higher threshold. However, pain tolerance is the amount of pain someone can handle before it becomes unbearable. 

In recent studies it was found that men have both a higher pain tolerance and threshold, despite popular belief stating otherwise. This isn’t proof that women are weaker, but rather a display of the differences when it comes to feeling pain. Researchers believe that women experience pain differently, and that it can be more intense during the menstrual cycle. Women’s brains also don’t produce as much endorphins after experiencing pain in relation to men.

Other studies have been done to test pain and its relation in different aspects, such as: hormonal, psychological/social/cultural, and molecular.

Muscle-skeletal is more common, and severe in women, while men have higher anti-inflammatory responses. This can explain men’s better adaptability in sports. It was also found that when progesterone is low and estradiol levels are high, women don’t differ much from men in terms of the pain threshold.

In the presence of an attractive examiner, women showed a lower tolerance and threshold while men displayed an increase in theirs. This could also be explained through women being more inclined to ask for help in comparison to men. 

When stress-induced, researchers believed there’d be an increase in pain tolerance and threshold for both genders. Though, no significant difference was found. However, men and women showed an improvement in pain assessment after exercising. 

Essentially, researchers found that on average, a woman's pain tolerance and threshold is less than men. But this perception of pain can be affected due to hormones and/or social/cultural situations. Women also suffer more from chronic and muscle-skeletal pain. Studies also suggest that women may experience pain differently as they produce less endorphins after faced with painful stimuli.  But still, the belief that women have a higher pain tolerance still remains. This idea can negatively affect women when it comes to research and treatment. So, it’s important to remember that pain tolerance/thresholds are a complex idea, there are many factories that can go into the way each gender receives and responds to pain. 

Works Cited:

 “Genders Experience Pain Differently and Women Have It More - International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP).” International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 20 Jan. 2025, https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/relief-news/article/genders-experience-pain-differently/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2026.

Gutiérrez Lombana, William, and Sergio Esteban Gutiérrez Vidal. “Pain and Gender Differences: A Clinical Approach.” Columbian Journal of Anesthesiology, vol. 40, no. 3, Aug. 2012, pp. 207–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rca.2012.05.007. Accessed 25 Aug. 2026.

“Why Do Women Suffer More From Pain Than Men?” Dartmouth Health, 18 Feb. 2026, https://www.dartmouth-health.org/articles/why-do-women-suffer-more-pain-men. Accessed 25 Aug. 2026.

(Image: Wooster Community Hospital)

Pregnancy can be an exciting new chapter in a woman's life. It is the start of a life changing journey into motherhood. Which is why it is important to get the important care and resources needed for the health of both the mother and the baby. This health care during pregnancy is known as prenatal care. Getting reliable healthcare is important. Consistent, and reliable prenatal care is vital in promoting a healthier pregnancy, reducing risk and preparing mothers for the process of childbirth.

Getting prenatal care during the first trimester, and throughout the pregnancy can be very helpful and informative. Allocating time to talk to a healthcare provider about your health, and possible complications is very crucial. A healthcare provider may ask you about your past medical health. Knowing information such as family medical history, your medications, or your use of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco. Age also plays a crucial role in the health of both the mother and the baby. If a mother is over the age of 35 or is under the age of 17 they are automatically at high risk. Their healthcare provider may want to monitor them more thoroughly and frequently to help ensure a safer and healthier pregnancy.

Prenatal care also includes physical exams, healthcare providers measure your weight and height to see how much weight you need to gain to promote a healthy pregnancy. In certain cases they may need a check of your organs, pelvis, or breasts. Getting blood tests also comes with this. These blood tests are important because they check your immunity or your ability to contract certain illnesses or infections. These tests also check what your blood type is, and your hemoglobin levels. Having anemia which is low levels of red blood cells can cause possible complications. Health care providers may also test or exam for fetal concerns. There are many prenatal genetic screening tests that can be taken. Some blood tests, or ultrasounds can be helpful to see if there may be any possible complications with the fetus.

 After initial testing routine prenatal testing occurs, these check ups usually are scheduled every 4 weeks. Healthcare providers will check for fetal growth after the mother begins to show. Check the weight gain, blood pressure, and heart rate of the mother, as well as ask for any swelling or discomfort in the extremities of the body which are the limbs, hands and feet. They may also take ultrasounds and take the heart rate of the fetus using a device called a Doppler which picks up on the sound waves of the heart. After initial testing these routine tests should not take as long.

Talking with healthcare providers is important. They will help you along your new journey into motherhood, and help you have a healthy pregnancy. Getting the proper care and resources you need is absolutely vital. Getting prenatal care will help you know if you or your baby will have any complications and can prevent mother and infant deaths.  Receiving help is important and having access to prenatal care can help get the best outcome for everyone- both the mother and the infant.

Works Cited:

MedlinePlus. (2019). Prenatal care. National Library of Medicine. Medlineplus.Gov. https://medlineplus.gov/prenatalcare.html Accessed 23 August 2026

Mayo Clinic. (2024, July 26). Prenatal care: 1St trimester visits. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/art-20044882 Accessed 23 August 2026

Office on Women’s Health. (2021). Prenatal care | Office on Women’s Health. Www.Womenshealth.Gov. https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/prenatal-care Accessed 23 August 2026

(Image: Osh Wellness)

Many people assume pregnancies are straightforward, and easy experiences. However the reality is that pregnancy is a far more complex process where a variety of health complications may arise. One of the most common complications is Gestational Diabetes. This condition affects approximately  10% of mothers in the United States during their pregnancy. In recent years the women affected by Gestational Diabetes have continued to rise. Gestational diabetes is elevated levels of blood sugar found during pregnancy. This blood sugar can cause complications for the mothers’, and the baby’s health for the duration of the pregnancy if not treated. Although Gestational Diabetes is a serious complication for a woman's health during pregnancy, understanding its diagnosis, causes, risks and treatments can give many women peace of mind during their pregnancy.

There are many factors that could play a role in the diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes for women. Some include having a family history of diabetes, and/or prediabetes, being overweight, being over the age of 35,  or having had Gestational Diabetes in a previous pregnancy. It is common to have at least one of these complications during a woman's pregnancy so it is important to get tested during the first trimester of pregnancy.

There are numerous ways to get treated for Gestational Diabetes. Many women will need to take insulin, oral medication, check their blood sugar, and do small amounts of exercise, such as going for small walks. Most importantly they need to change their diet. For women changing their diet may be hard due to the cravings that come along with pregnancy, but avoiding things such as snacks that contain high levels of sugar such as sodas, cakes, candy, eating small amounts of red meat and switching to dairy products with lower concentrations of fat will play a key role in ensuring the health of both the mother and the baby.

If Gestational Diabetes is not treated there are more health complications that can arise during the pregnancy, labor and delivery. Risks include possible cesarean section, in addition both the baby and mother have a higher chance of developing diabetes. One of the biggest health complications that can also come with Gestational Diabetes is Preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is high blood pressure that can cause complications with the mother’s organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys. If left untreated this could be detrimental to the health of both mother and baby and can even lead to death. Preeclampsia is the leading factor of mother and infant deaths. The only known cure for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby. This means that early detection of Gestational Diabetes and preeclampsia is crucial for the health of the infant and mother.

Gestational Diabetes is a serious, common, condition during pregnancy that can affect both mother and baby. There are many factors that  increase the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes but receiving help, treatments, and knowing the risks, and factors can all be very vital in the health of mother and baby, and greatly reduce the risks. In addition supporting women’s health  through education, access to healthcare during and after pregnancy, and awareness can help to ensure that women can receive the care that they need to receive early diagnoses and healthcare to improve the outcome for both the mother and baby. 

Works Cited:

“What Is Preeclampsia.” Preeclampsia Foundation - Saving Mothers and Babies From Preeclampsia, preeclampsia.org/what-is-preeclampsia . Accessed 7 June 2026

“Gestational Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments.” Yale Medicine, 1 Nov. 2023, www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gestational-diabetes-symptoms-causes-treatments. Accessed 7 June 2026

“Gestational Diabetes- Symptoms & Causes” Mayo Clinic www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339 Accessed 8 June 2026

(Image: DOC Medical Center)

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that causes the bones to weaken and become brittle. This means that something as simple as a cough can break a bone. Unfortunately, older women are more at risk when it comes to this disease. 

Experts believe that keeping a healthy lifestyle is essential when it comes to bone health. The most recommended practices are exercise and monitoring what you put in your body. Exercise is beneficial at any age, but many of the benefits come from starting young and continuing that routine throughout your life. Activities like strength training, and weight-bearing exercises (walking, running, jumping rope) can all be used to support bone health. Keeping up with a healthy lifestyle is also important, limiting the use of alcohol and not smoking could help reduce your chances of osteoporosis.

The bones in your body are usually strong enough to support your weight. But, as we age some of the density is lost, affecting our bones ability to regrow itself. Old bone is constantly being replaced by new bone, and after our early 20s this process slows. Meaning, having a higher amount of bone mass can better fight against osteoporosis.

Some risks for osteoporosis are out of your control, for example being a woman. But, that risk can be higher for other reasons like: being past menopause, having an eating disorder, and having a family history of osteoporosis. 

Unlike other diseases, osteoporosis doesn’t have symptoms. The most common one being breaking a bone, usually for something that should’ve been a minor injury. There won’t be a cough or fever, but the most common fractures from the disease are in the spine, hip, and wrist. There could also be changes to the body like losing height, worsening posture, and lower back pain. 

So how is this tested for? Healthcare providers can diagnose osteoporosis through a bone density test, sometimes referred to as DEXA scans, DXA scans, or bone density scans. This is usually done when a broken bone needs to be X-rayed. This painless procedure measures the amount of minerals and calcium in your bones.

The treatments for osteoporosis are usually non-hormonal medications. It can also be treated through shots, or hormone-related therapy for younger women or women also in need of treatment for menopausal symptoms. This can be done through estrogen therapy, or prescriptions that mimic estrogen’s benefits.

Essentially, osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that causes the bones to weaken. To combat this, many experts recommend keeping a healthy lifestyle that involves exercise, limits alcohol, and involves no smoking. Exercise is especially important because the body slows its ability to regrow bones as we age. But unfortunately, some risks for osteoporosis are out of our control. The highest being older, post menopausal women. Osteoporosis is silent, and doesn’t have symptoms like other diseases, as the most common way to find out is through a broken bone.

For all diseases, it’s important to have awareness, especially for ones that are silent like this one. And although women are at a higher risk, there are still things that can be done to help. And gratefully, there are providers who care enough to keep bone health an important part of your life.

Works Cited:

Cleveland Clinic. “Osteoporosis.” Cleveland Clinic, 20 July 2023, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4443-osteoporosis. Accessed 14, Aug. 2026.

Mayo Clinic. “Osteoporosis.” Mayo Clinic, 24 Feb. 2024, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351968. Accessed 14, Aug. 2026.

Office on Women’s Health. “Osteoporosis | Office on Women’s Health.” OASH | Office on Women’s Health, 2015, https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/osteoporosis. Accessed 14, Aug. 2026. 

(Image: CDC)

Pregnancy is a major physical experience that changes the body in many ways. While much of the attention during pregnancy focuses on the developing baby, the postpartum period is an equally important stage of recovery for the mother. After giving birth, the body needs time to heal from pregnancy, labour, and delivery. Understanding these changes can help new mothers feel more prepared and remind them that recovery does not happen overnight. 

One of the most noticeable changes after pregnancy is the abdomen. During pregnancy, the uterus expands significantly to accommodate the growing baby. After delivery, the uterus gradually contracts back toward its prep-pregnacy size,a process that can take several weeks. The stomach may also remain larger or softer because the abdominal muscle and skin was stretched during pregnancy. Some women experience diastasis recti, which occurs when the abdominal muscles separate during pregnancy. Gentle appropriate exercises can help rebuild core strength, but intense abdominal workouts generally be avoided until the body has had time to heal and once your physician approves of intense exercises. 

Hormonal changes are another major part of postpartum recovery. After birth, pregnancy hormone levels drop rapid;y, which can contribute to mood changes, fatigue, and emotional sensitivity. Many new mothers also experience increased sweating, changes in skin, or hair shedding. Postpartum hair loss can be surprising, but it is often temporary as hormone levels return to their usual patterns. These changes are normal for many women, although severe or persistent symptoms should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

The breasts also change after pregnancy, particularly for those who breastfeed. Breasts may become swollen, tender, or uncomfortable as milk production begins. Wearing a supportive and comfortable bra, staying hydrated, and seeking help with breastfeeding technique can make this transition easier. For mothers who are not breastfeeding, breast fullness and discomfort can still occur temporarily as the body adjusts. Additionally, the pelvic floor can also be affected by pregnancy and childbirth. The pelvic floor muscles support the bladder, bowel and reproductive organs, and  they may become weakened or stretched during pregnancy and delivery. Some women experience urinary leakage or pelvic discomfort after giving birth. Pelvic floor exercises, often called kegel exercises, can help strengthen these muscles. If symptoms continue or interfere with daily activities, a healthcare provider or pelvic floor physiotherapist can provide personalized guidance. 

Recovery also requires attention to nutrition, movement, sleep, and rest. Eating balanced meals that include protein, fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can provide the nutrients needed for healing. Staying hydrated is especially important, particularly for breastfeeding mothers. Gentle activities such as short walks can gradually help rebuild strength and improve circulation. However, returning to strenuous exercise should happen gradually and according to medical advice provided from your doctors. Perhaps most importantly, postpartum recovery should not be treated as a race to return to a pre-pregnancy body. Weight, body shape, and breast size may change permanently after pregnancy, and these changes do not mean that the body has failed to recover. Healing involves much more than appearance. It includes restoring strength, adapting to hormonal changes, caring for emotional well-being and allowing the body sufficient time to heal.

 Although many postpartum changes are normal, medical attention is important when something does not feel right. Heavy bleeding, severe pain, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fever, severe headaches, or significant emotional distress should be addressed promptly by a healthcare professional. Postpartum depression and anxiety are also important conditions that deserve professional support. Any concerns that arise postpartum should be communicated to your professional support during postpartum checkups.

Overall, the postpartum period is a time of adjustment and recovery. By eating nourishing foods, gradually returning to movement, prioritizing rest, caring for the pelvic floor, and seeking medical support when necessary, new mothers can support their bodies through this significant transition. Most importantly, recovery should be approached with patience and compassion because every body heals differently.

Works Cited:

“Home.” Go to Health Information., hi.easternhealth.ca/life-stages/infants/parenting/

changes-in-your-body-after-giving-birth/. Accessed 16 Aug. 2026.

Kunarathnam, Vithura. “Physiology, Postpartum Changes.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 17 June 2026, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555904/. Accessed 16 Aug. 2026.

“The Body after Birth: Tiny Tot.” Institut National de Santé Publique Du Québec, www.inspq.qc.ca/en/tiny-tot/newborn/first-days-parent/body-after-birth. Accessed 14 Aug. 2026.

(Image: Osh Wellness)

Menopause is a natural stage in a woman's life that marks the end of her reproductive years. Although menopause is a normal biological process rather than a disease, it can have significant effects on physical, emotional, and mental health. Millions of women experience menopause each year, yet misconceptions and lack of education about the topic often leave many unprepared for the changes it brings. Understanding menopause and its effects can help women make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Menopause officially occurs when a woman has gone twelve consecutive months without a menstrual period. Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age in the United States being approximately 52 years old. Before menopause occurs, women enter a transitional period known as perimenopause. During this time, hormone levels begin to fluctuate, causing changes in the menstrual cycle and the onset of various symptoms. Perimenopause can last for several years before menopause is reached.

The primary cause of menopause is a decline in ovarian function. As women age, their ovaries produce lower levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Eventually, the ovaries stop releasing eggs, and menstruation permanently ends. While natural aging is the most common cause of menopause, it can also occur earlier because of medical treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the ovaries.

Menopause can produce a wide range of symptoms that vary from person to person. One of the most common symptoms is hot flashes, which are sudden feelings of warmth that often affect the face, neck, and chest. Many women also experience night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Physical symptoms may include vaginal dryness, discomfort during sexual activity, and changes in bladder control. While some women experience only mild symptoms, others find that menopause significantly affects their daily lives.

Menopause can also have long-term effects on overall health. The decline in estrogen levels contributes to a loss of bone density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Women also become more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease after menopause because estrogen's protective effects on the heart decrease. These changes make regular health screenings, exercise, and proper nutrition especially important during and after the menopausal transition.

Several treatment options are available to help women manage menopausal symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can be effective in reducing hot flashes and other symptoms for some women. Non-hormonal medications, lifestyle changes, regular exercise, stress management techniques, and healthy eating habits may also improve quality of life. Healthcare providers can help determine which treatment options are most appropriate based on an individual's medical history and personal preferences.

Despite affecting half of the population, menopause has historically received limited public attention. Many women report feeling unprepared for the physical and emotional changes associated with menopause. Discussions in women's health communities frequently emphasize the need for better education, greater awareness, and improved access to medical care during this stage of life. Increased understanding can help reduce stigma and ensure that women receive the support they need.

In conclusion, menopause is a natural but significant transition that affects multiple aspects of women's health. While symptoms and experiences vary widely, understanding the causes, effects, and treatment options can help women navigate this stage with confidence. As awareness grows, healthcare systems and communities can better support women throughout the menopausal transition and beyond.

Works Cited:

"Menopause." World Health Organization, 16 Oct. 2024, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause/. Accessed 19 June 2026.

"Menopause, Women's Health, and Work." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Nov. 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/womens-health/features/menopause-womens-health-and-work.html. Accessed 19 June 2026.

"Menopause." U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/menopause. Accessed 19 June 2026.

"What Causes Menopause and Early Menopause?" Health.com, 28 Dec. 2024, https://www.health.com/menopause-causes-8728795. Accessed 19 June 2026.

"People Worldwide Don't Know Enough About Menopause. Here's Why That's Dangerous." Reddit, 4 Dec. 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Menopause/comments/1pe47aa/. Accessed 19 June 2026.

(Image: My Tunbridge Wells)

When people think about fertility, they often focus on hormones, age, or medical conditions. However,  nutrition also plays an important role in reproductive health. While no single food can “guarantee” pregnancy, research shows that eating patterns rich in nutrients may help support healthy ovulation, hormone balance, and overall reproductive wellness.

For teens and young adults, building healthy habits early matters. The foods people eat during adolescence and early adulthood can affect long-term health, including reproductive health later in life.

One of the most researched eating patterns connected to fertility is the Mediterranean diet. This style of eating focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, fish, and olive oil while limiting heavily processed foods and excess added sugar. Studies have linked this diet to lower inflammation and better overall health outcomes.

Leafy greens are one important food group connected to fertility health. Foods like spinach, kale, broccoli, and romaine lettuce contain folate, a B vitamin that helps the body make healthy cells and DNA. Folate is especially important before and during pregnancy because it supports early fetal development. Folate also plays a major role in cell growth and reproduction.

Healthy fats also matter. Many people hear the word “fat” and immediately think something unhealthy, but certain fats are essential for the body. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in salmon, sardines, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds, help support hormone production and reduce inflammation. Omega-3s are important for brain development, heart health, and other body functions. Some fertility experts also believe these fats may support reproductive health.

Whole grains are another helpful choice. Foods such as oatmeal, quinoa, brown rice, and whole wheat bread provide fiber and steady energy. Unlike highly processed carbohydrates, whole grains do not cause major spikes in blood sugar. Stable blood sugar levels are important because hormone balance and insulin levels are closely connected.

Protein sources can make a difference too. Fish, beans, lentils, eggs, yogurt, and nuts provide nutrients that support the body without relying heavily on processed meats or fried foods. Beans and lentils are especially rich in iron and folate, which are important for reproductive health. Nuts and seeds also contain antioxidants and healthy fats that may help protect cells from damage.

At the same time, experts suggest limiting ultra-processed foods. These include foods with long ingredient lists, high amounts of added sugar, artificial additives, and refined oils. A recent study involving American women found that higher intake of ultra-processed foods was linked with lower fertility rates. Researchers also found that women who followed Mediterranean-style eating patterns tended to have better reproductive health outcomes.

Hydration matters as well. Drinking enough water helps support circulation, digestion, and overall body function. Staying hydrated is apart of maintaining good health overall.

It is also important to remember that fertility is influenced by many factors besides diet. Stress, sleep, exercise, genetics, medical conditions, and age all play a role. Food alone is usually not the direct cause of infertility, but healthy habits can support the body and improve overall wellness.

Social media often promotes “miracle fertility foods” or extreme diets, but most doctors and nutrition experts recommend balance instead. Eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods is far more effective than obsessing over one “superfood.” Healthy eating should support both physical and mental well-being.

In the end, fertility health is really part of overall health. A balanced diet filled with colorful fruits and vegetables, healthy fats, whole grains, and quality proteins helps the body function at its best. Even for young adults who are not thinking about having children anytime soon, learning healthy eating habits now can support long-term wellness in the future.

Works Cited:

“Folic Acid.” The Nutrition Source, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/folic-acid/. Accessed 16 May 2026.

“Foods for Fertility.” Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, https://health.clevelandclinic.org/foods-for-fertility. Accessed 16 May 2026.

“Guide to the Mediterranean Diet.” Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-aging-and-longevity/guide-to-the-mediterranean-diet. Accessed 16 May 2026.

“Omega-3 Foods: Incorporating Healthy Fats into Your Diet.” Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-nutrition/omega-3-foods-incorporating-healthy-fats-into-your-diet. Accessed 16 May 2026.

“Topics A-Z: Diet and Nutrition.” Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/diet-and-nutrition. Accessed 16 May 2026.

(Image: iStock)

Many teens expect periods to be uncomfortable, inconvenient, or even painful. What often gets less attention is how heavy menstrual bleeding can affect the rest of the body, especially when it leads to anemia.

Anemia is a condition that happens when the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells or enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen effectively to tissues and organs. Hemoglobin depends on iron to function properly. When iron levels drop, the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells, which reduces oxygen delivery throughout the body. One of the most common causes of iron deficiency anemia in teen girls is heavy menstrual bleeding.

Heavy periods are not always easy to recognize. Some signs include bleeding that lasts more than seven days, needing to change pads or tampons very frequently, bleeding through clothes or bedding, or passing large blood clots. When this kind of blood loss happens regularly, the body loses more iron than it can replace through diet alone. Over time, iron stores become depleted, which leads to anemia.

One of the first things teens notice with anemia is constant fatigue. This is not the kind of tiredness that improves with a single good night of sleep. It can feel like waking up already drained, struggling to stay awake in class, or needing naps after school just to get through homework. Since oxygen delivery is reduced, muscles and organs do not get the energy they need, which makes everyday tasks feel heavier than usual.

Focus is also affected in a noticeable way. The brain depends on oxygen just like the rest of the body. When iron levels drop, students may find it harder to concentrate during lessons, follow multi step instructions, or remember information they just studied. It can feel like the mind is moving slower than normal, even when the material itself is not difficult. This can be especially frustrating for students who are used to doing well academically but suddenly feel like they are falling behind without understanding why.

School performance often declines as a result of these symptoms. Assignments may take longer to complete, studying can feel overwhelming, and participation in class may decrease simply because it requires too much mental and physical effort. Some students may also miss school more often due to fatigue or dizziness. Over time, this can create a cycle where falling behind increases stress, and stress makes symptoms feel even worse.

Physical symptoms outside of tiredness are also common. These can include headaches, dizziness when standing up quickly, shortness of breath during light activity, and feeling unusually cold. Some teens may notice that their heart beats faster than normal, especially during exercise. These signs happen because the body is trying to compensate for lower oxygen levels.

The impact of anemia is not just physical. It can also affect mood and motivation. Low iron levels have been linked to irritability, low mood, and reduced interest in activities that used to feel enjoyable. This is often misunderstood as laziness or lack of effort, when in reality the body is simply not functioning at full capacity.

The good news is that anemia from heavy periods is treatable and often reversible. Increasing iron intake through diet can help, especially with foods like lean red meat, beans, lentils, spinach, and fortified cereals. In many cases, doctors also recommend iron supplements to restore levels more quickly. Treating the underlying cause of heavy periods is equally important, and healthcare providers can help explore options if bleeding is affecting daily life.

Paying attention to symptoms early can make a major difference. If fatigue feels extreme, focus is consistently difficult, or periods seem unusually heavy, it is worth talking to a healthcare provider. Anemia is common in teens, but it is not something that should be ignored or pushed through.

Understanding the connection between heavy periods and anemia helps explain why some students feel physically and mentally exhausted without an obvious reason. With the right support and treatment, energy levels, concentration, and school performance can significantly improve, making daily life feel manageable again.

Works Cited:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. ACOG, https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/heavy-menstrual-bleeding . Accessed 10 Apr. 2026.

Mayo Clinic Staff. Iron Deficiency Anemia. Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034 . Accessed 10 Apr. 2026.

National Health Service (NHS). Iron Deficiency Anemia. NHS, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/ . Accessed 10 Apr. 2026.

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron Fact Sheet for Consumers. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/  Accessed 10 Apr. 2026.

(Image: HealthyWomen)

Birth control often mistakenly gets reduced to one idea: preventing pregnancy. While that’s technically true, it misses most of the long term effects that will occur as a result. Hormonal contraception, especially, works by reshaping the body’s natural cycle in ways that go far beyond ovulation. For many teens, birth control is a way to help manage periods, erratic hormones, and even deteriorating mental health. 

Most hormonal birth control methods, like the pill, patch, or hormonal IUD, rely on synthetic versions of estrogen and progesterone. These hormones suppress ovulation, meaning the ovaries do not release an egg. At the same time, the lining of the uterus stays thinner, and cervical mucus thickens which makes it harder for sperm to reach anything at all. 

One of the most noticeable effects shows up in the menstrual cycle. Periods often become lighter, shorter, and more predictable. For some, they almost disappear. That can be a huge relief for some, especially in cases of heavy bleeding or severe cramps. Conditions like endometriosis, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are sometimes managed with hormonal birth control because of the controlled cycle. Still, the “period” on many pills is not a natural one, it’s a withdrawal bleed triggered by a break in hormones. 

Skin changes are another common reason people start birth control. Certain pills reduce androgens, which are the hormones that contribute to acne. As a result, skin can clear significantly over a few months. However, not all types have this effect. Some may even worsen breakouts depending on how the body reacts to the hormone balance. 

Weight gain is often blamed on birth control, but the evidence is mixed. Most studies suggest that significant weight gain is not directly caused by the pill itself. That said, some people notice changes in appetite, water retention, or body composition. The experience varies a lot, which is why the effects of one method might feel completely different for one compared to another individual. 

Mood is where things get more complicated. Hormones influence brain chemistry, so shifts can affect emotions, focus, and energy levels. Some report feeling more stable, especially if their mood swings were tied to their cycle. Others experience increased anxiety, irritability, or depressive symptoms. There’s no universal pattern, which makes it harder to predict how someone will respond before starting. 

There are also physical side effects that tend to show up early and then fade. Nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, and spotting between periods are all common in the first few months. The body usually adjusts, but not always. If side effects persist, switching methods often solves the problem.

Long-term safety is another issue to keep in mind. For most healthy teens, hormonal birth control is considered safe. There are benefits that go beyond convenience, including reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. At the same time, there are small risks, like blood clots, especially with estrogen-containing methods. These risks are still low, but they are part of why one’s medical history matters before starting any form.

Non-hormonal options, like the copper IUD, work differently. Instead of changing hormone levels, copper creates an environment that is toxic to sperm. This avoids hormone-related side effects but can also lead to heavier or more painful periods, especially at first.

What stands out across all of this is how individual the experience is. Two people can take the same pill and have completely different outcomes. That unpredictability is often what makes the process frustrating. Finding the right method can take time and trial and error.

Birth control is often framed as a simple solution, but it’s important to note that in reality, that’s not the case . It can regulate, suppress, improve, or disrupt, depending on the body using it. Understanding those layers makes it easier to see why conversations around it are rarely straightforward.

Works Cited:

“Birth Control and Weight Gain.” Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/birth-control-obesity. Accessed 29 Mar. 2026.

“Effects of Hormonal Birth Control on Your Body.” Medical News, https://medical-news.org/the-effects-of-hormonal-birth-control-on-your-body/138040/. Accessed 29 Mar. 2026.

“Types of Birth Control and How They Work.” Medical News Today, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320058. Accessed 29 Mar. 2026.

(Image: National Institute of Standards & Technology)

Plastic has become one of the most common materials in modern life. From food packaging to clothing fibers, plastic products are used in nearly every household. As these materials break down, they form tiny particles known as microplastics. Microplastics are generally defined as plastic fragments smaller than five millimeters in size, and they are now widely found in air, water, and food supplies. Scientists have increasingly raised concerns that these particles may pose risks to human health, especially because they can carry chemicals that interfere with the body’s hormone system. Research suggests that everyday exposure to microplastics may influence women’s hormonal health by introducing endocrine-disrupting chemicals that affect reproductive functions and long-term health.

Microplastics originate from several sources. Some are intentionally manufactured for use in products such as exfoliating cosmetics or cleaning agents, while others form when larger plastic materials degrade over time. Synthetic clothing made from materials such as polyester or nylon can release microscopic plastic fibers during washing, which then enter wastewater systems. Plastic packaging and containers also gradually break down, releasing particles that contaminate soil, air, and water. As a result, microplastics are now commonly detected in drinking water, seafood, salt, and even household dust

Because microplastics are so widespread, people are exposed to them in several ways. One major pathway is ingestion through food and drinking water. Researchers have found microplastics in bottled water and certain processed foods, suggesting that plastic packaging may contribute to contamination. Another route of exposure is inhalation. Small plastic particles and fibers can become airborne and accumulate indoors, where people may breathe them in. There is also concern about skin contact with plastic-containing products, particularly cosmetics and personal care items. Studies have even detected microplastics in human blood and tissues, indicating that these particles can enter and circulate within the body.

The health risks associated with microplastics are partly related to the chemicals used in plastic production. Many plastics contain additives designed to improve durability, flexibility, or transparency. Two commonly studied chemicals are Bisphenol A and Phthalates. These substances belong to a group of compounds known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrine disruptors can mimic natural hormones or interfere with the body’s hormonal signaling system. Because hormones regulate many biological processes. This includes reproduction, metabolism, and growth disruptions in hormonal signaling may lead to significant health effects.

Women’s reproductive systems are particularly sensitive to hormonal changes. Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone control the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. Some studies have suggested that exposure to plastic-related chemicals may alter these hormone levels or interfere with how the body responds to them. Researchers have explored possible links between these chemicals and reproductive conditions such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis. Although research is still ongoing, scientists are investigating whether long-term exposure to endocrine disruptors may contribute to menstrual irregularities, reduced fertility, or complications during pregnancy.

Recent studies have also revealed that microplastics may be present in areas of the body previously thought to be protected from environmental contaminants. For example, scientists have detected plastic particles in human placentas and breast milk. These discoveries raise new concerns about how early exposure to plastic-associated chemicals could affect both mothers and developing infants. Because the endocrine system plays a crucial role in development, exposure during pregnancy or early life may have lasting health implications.

Although completely avoiding microplastics may be difficult, individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure. Using glass or stainless steel containers instead of plastic for food storage can limit contact with plastic chemicals. Avoiding cosmetics that contain plastic microbeads and choosing natural fabrics instead of synthetic ones may also help reduce exposure. At the same time, researchers and policymakers are exploring ways to regulate plastic additives and develop safer materials.

Works Cited: 

“Bisphenol A (BPA) and Endocrine Disruption.” National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa. Accessed 7 Mar. 2026.

“Endocrine Disruptors.” World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/endocrine-disruptors. Accessed 7 Mar. 2026.

“Microplastics in the Environment.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html. Accessed 7 Mar. 2026.

“Phthalates.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html. Accessed 7 Mar. 2026.

“Microplastics and Human Health.” United Nations Environment Programme, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/microplastics-and-human-health. Accessed 7 Mar. 2026.

(Image: iStock)

When people talk about having a baby, the focus is usually on joy. New clothes, tiny hands, smiling photos. What gets less attention is what can happen after the celebration fades. For many women, the weeks and months after childbirth are emotionally intense. For some, they are overwhelming in a way that goes far beyond stress or exhaustion. That is postpartum depression.

Teens should know about this even if parenthood feels far away. Mental health education should not start in adulthood, especially when it affects families in real time. You might see it in your own home one day, or face it yourself in the future. Attempting to understand it now can help replace myths with facts.

Postpartum depression, often shortened to PPD, is a type of clinical depression that can develop after giving birth. It is not rare. Medical estimates suggest that about 1 in 7 women experience it. That means in any large high school, several students’ mothers likely went through it, even if they never talked about it.

It is important to separate postpartum depression from what people call the “baby blues.” The baby blues are common. Many new mothers feel tearful, irritable, or anxious for a week or two after delivery. Hormone levels drop quickly after childbirth, sleep is limited, and everything feels new. The baby blues usually pass on their own.

Postpartum depression is different. It lasts longer and feels heavier. A mother with PPD may feel persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness. She might lose interest in things she once enjoyed. Some women feel intense guilt, especially about not feeling “happy enough” to have a baby. Others feel numb or disconnected from the baby, which can be terrifying and confusing.

There can also be physical and mental symptoms such as trouble sleeping, even when the baby is asleep, changes in appetite, difficulty in concentrating, panic attacks, etc. In more severe cases, thoughts of self harm or of harming the baby can occur. Those thoughts are a sign of urgent medical need, not a sign that someone is a bad person.

Some may ask: Why does this happen? There is no single cause. Hormones play a major role. During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels rise dramatically. After birth, they drop quickly. That sudden shift affects brain chemistry. At the same time, there is physical recovery from labor, pain, blood loss, and major sleep deprivation. Add in the pressure to be a “perfect” mother, financial stress, relationship changes, or lack of support, and the emotional load becomes heavy.

There are also risk factors. A personal or family history of depression or anxiety increases the chances. Complicated pregnancies or births can contribute. So can having a premature baby, experiencing a traumatic delivery, or lacking social support. But it can also happen to someone with no clear risk factors at all.

One reason postpartum depression is so serious is that it often goes unnoticed. New mothers are expected to be tired and emotional. When someone says, “I’m just exhausted,” that might be true, but it might also be covering something deeper. Shame keeps many women silent. They worry that admitting they are struggling will make others question their ability to parent.

Treatment exists, and it works. Therapy is one of the most common approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps people identify and challenge negative thought patterns. Medication, such as antidepressants, can also be prescribed and many are considered safe during breastfeeding under medical supervision. Support groups connect mothers with others who understand what they are experiencing. In severe cases, more intensive medical care may be necessary.

If you are a teen reading this, you might wonder why this matters to you. It matters because postpartum depression affects families, not just mothers. You might see changes in your own parents after a sibling is born. You might notice a relative or older sister struggling. Understanding that this is a medical condition, not a personality flaw, changes how you respond. Instead of judging, you can encourage seeking help.

It also matters for your future. Conversations about women’s health should not start when someone is already in crisis. Learning now means you are better prepared later, whether you choose to become a parent or support someone who does.

Works Cited: 

Depression Among Women.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/depression/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/index.htm. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.

“Postpartum Depression.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.

“Postpartum Depression.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.

“Postpartum Depression.” Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.

“Postpartum Depression.” The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/postpartum-depression. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.

(Image: Vecteezy)

Endometriosis is one of the most common chronic health conditions affecting people with uteruses. Around 10 percent of reproductive-age women worldwide are believed to have it, which adds up to roughly 190 million people around the globe. Despite how widespread it is, scientists still struggle to understand it fully, there is no cure, and research into the condition remains far below what experts say it deserves. That gap in research and funding has real consequences for the health and lives of those affected.

At its core, endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows in places it should not, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the lining of the pelvis. This misplaced tissue responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, causing pain, inflammation, scar tissue, and often infertility. The symptoms range from intense menstrual pain and chronic pelvic pain to pain during sex, bowel movements, or urination. Some people also experience fatigue, nausea, or heavy bleeding.

Despite how disruptive these symptoms can be, one of the biggest challenges surrounding endometriosis is how hard it is to diagnose. Currently, the most reliable way to confirm the condition is through surgery with a camera inserted into the abdomen. While noninvasive tools such as ultrasounds or MRI can help support a diagnosis, they are often not enough on their own. This surgical requirement means many people undergo years of pain before they receive an accurate diagnosis.

The delay between the start of symptoms and diagnosis is a major issue. Studies have found that people with endometriosis often wait years before they are properly diagnosed, with some experiencing symptoms for nearly a decade before a correct diagnosis is made. This gap in recognition can lead to worsening pain, psychological strain, and serious impacts on quality of life.

Part of the reason research lags behind, even though the condition is so common, is funding. Endometriosis research receives only a tiny fraction of what other chronic diseases get. In the United States, for example, endometriosis studies made up far less than one percent of the National Institutes of Health budget in a recent year, despite affecting millions of women. Chronic underfunding means fewer large scientific studies, slower progress in understanding what causes the disease, and fewer resources to develop new treatments.

There are also scientific challenges that make studying endometriosis difficult. The disease does not behave the same way in every person. Lesions can appear in different organs, cause different symptoms, and vary in severity. There is no single blood test or biomarker that can reliably indicate endometriosis, and researchers still debate its underlying causes. These scientific complexities make it harder to design clear, large-scale studies that lead to strong evidence about best treatments or prevention.

Another layer to the problem is that health conditions that primarily or only affect women have historically received less attention and funding than conditions affecting men. This discrepancy is part of a broader pattern in medical research that has left conditions like endometriosis under-prioritized by major funding agencies and public health organizations.

The lack of research affects more than just scientists and clinicians. Those living with endometriosis often experience significant physical discomfort that can interrupt school, work, and social activities. The ongoing pain and fertility issues can also affect emotional well-being. In many cases, people report feeling dismissed by health care providers or society simply because menstrual pain is still too often normalized rather than treated as a serious medical concern.

In recent years, advocacy groups and some governments have started pushing for better research and care. Some funding increases and new programs aim to encourage more scientific investigation into endometriosis, including efforts to find reliable noninvasive diagnostic tools and more effective, personalized treatments.

Understanding endometriosis better could not only help millions of people with pain and fertility issues, but also reveal insights into how hormones, genetics, and chronic inflammation work in the body. Robust research could ultimately lead to earlier diagnosis, better treatments, and improved quality of life for those affected.

Endometriosis is not simply “bad periods” or something to be overlooked. It is a complex and real health condition that deserves attention equal to its prevalence. More funding, more scientific focus, and more public awareness could change years of delayed diagnoses and limited treatment for millions around the world.

Works Cited: 

“Endometriosis.” Mayo Clinic, 30 Aug. 2024,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

“Endometriosis and Women’s Health.” NICHD (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development),https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometriosis. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

“Endometriosis Research: Why Funding is Lacking.” Society for Women’s Health Research, https://swhr.org/resources/endometriosis-advocacy-toolkit/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

“Endometriosis Is Undervalued: A Call to Action.” PMC (PubMed Central), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9127440/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

“Why Endometriosis Is Under‑Researched.” Medical News Today,https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/endometriosis-why-is-there-so-little-research. Accessed 23 Jan. 2026.

(Image: iStock)

Women of color face significantly higher maternal health risks than white women due to systemic racism, implicit bias in healthcare, unequal access to quality medical services, and socioeconomic barriers, making maternal health inequity a serious public health issue that requires structural reform.

To understand why this issue is so prevalent first we must define what regular maternal care is, and the standards that medical professionals have to meet when it comes to treating their patients. Maternal care is comprehensive healthcare that includes care for the women and baby during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum (6 weeks after birth). This entails that women should have regular checkups during their prenatal care, they should be supported during their birthing process, and cared for to ensure proper recovery after the birth.

This care is crucial to prevent the chance of injury, or even death for both the baby and mother which is why it so important to question why mothers of color, especially Black mothers are one to two times more likely to die in childbirth than White mothers, now this fact could be written off with the argument that external factors to race such as socioeconomic status and lack of access to healthcare are the reasons for this. But studies have consistently shown that high-income Black mothers, who are able to afford better healthcare face higher risks of maternal and infant death during childbirth when compared to the lowest- income White mothers. 

These studies show that race is the key factor behind why Black mothers' needs are being ignored. The stereotypes that portray Black women as aggressive and often more masculine are the same ones that result in their deaths when medical professionals ignore their pain during childbirth, under the assumption that they aren't as “fragile” as White women. 

This mistreatment is seen during prenatal care as well when medical professionals order unwarranted urine toxicology (UTOX) screenings on Black patients more often than white ones under the assumption that Black women are less responsible with their child's health, they also tend to get questioned more if they miss a prenatal appointment then if a White women misses several. This treatment is already unethical and dangerous but even more so when taking into account that Black mothers are already predisposed to having existing conditions like diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, all of which are exacerbated by pregnancy.

To combat this there has been advocacy for reform in healthcare systems and education to teach future medical professionals on how to provide culturally sensitive care, along with multiple studies researching biased care practices and discriminatory hospital policies. There has also been a push in expanding access to midwives and doulas to assist births as it has been proven that people who receive care from midwives are less likely to have a preterm birth and C-section and more likely to breastfeed. While Doulas (non-clinical healthcare providers) are great sources of emotional, physical and informational support for a mother, they can play critical roles in advocating for mothers during births where their presence has been associated with reduced risk of low birth weights.

In conclusion, maternal health inequalities faced by women of color are not the result of biological differences or individual choices but rather rooted in systematic racism that encourages bias within the healthcare system. Despite the advances in medicine these disparities persist across the education and income levels emphasizing that race remains a key factor in maternal health. Addressing this prevalent issue requires structural reform, particularly in the education of medical professionals, expanding their skills to include culturally sensitive medical training allows the healthcare system as a whole to improve. By acknowledging these discriminatory practices and dismantling them maternal healthcare can move towards equality and ensure that all mothers are treated with the same life-saving care.

Works Cited: 

“A Research and Policy Approach to Addressing the Black Maternal Health Crisis.” Society for Women’s Health Research, swhr.org/a-research-and-policy-approach-to-addressing-the-black-maternal-health-crisis/. Accessed 3 Jan. 2026.

“Maternal Mortality.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 Oct. 2023, www.cdc.gov/womens-health/features/maternal-mortality.html. Accessed 3 Jan. 2026.

“Solving the Black Maternal Health Crisis.” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/solving-the-black-maternal-health-crisis. Accessed 3 Jan. 2026.

Systemic Racism Plays Role in Much Higher Maternal Mortality Rate Among Black Women.” American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsroom, 5 Oct. 2022, www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2022/10/systemic-racism-plays-role-in-much-higher-maternal-mortality-rate-among-black-women. Accessed 3 Jan. 2026.

(Image: Femia)

Ever notice how everyone talks about guys having wet dreams in health class, but no one bothers to explain why girls’ underwear gets mysteriously and randomly bleached? It’s confusing, frustrating, and disheartening. It also signals a massive gap in the public school system. Women’s health often gets treated as taboo when it shouldn’t be. Let’s break the menstrual cycle down, simply, phase by phase, with some tips along the way to make life a little easier. 

Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5): This is when your period happens. The uterus sheds its lining and that’s what makes you bleed. Cramps, fatigue, and mood swings are considered common. 

Tips: Eat iron-rich foods, such as spinach, beans, red meat, in particular will help replace blood loss, and complex carbs will support your energy levels. Gentle exercises like walking or stretching can reduce cramps. Warm baths or heating pads can work wonders too. 

Follicular Phase (Days 1-13): Starting on the first day of your period, your body prepares an egg for ovulation. The estrogen hormone rises which can help boost energy and mood. 

Tips: Eat tons of protein, leafy greens, and foods rich in vitamin C to support hormone production. This is a great time for new projects, social activities, or starting a new workout routine since energy levels tend to be higher. 

Ovulation (Day 14-ish): The ovary releases an egg. Fertility peaks here. Some people notice changes in the amount of cervical mucus that is produced. Estrogen and testosterone levels tend to be at their highest. 

Tips: Eating foods that support liver function, like broccoli or avocado, can balance out different hormones. Hydration is essential! This period is ideal for intense workouts or creative projects. Social confidence can also rise, so lean into it!

Luteal Phase (Days 15-28): After ovulation, progesterone rises to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. If no pregnancy takes place, hormone levels drop, and it leads to your period. PMS symptoms like bloating , irritability, and cravings are common. 

Tips: Complex carbs, magnesium-rich foods, such as nuts and dark chocolate, and plenty of water can help with bloating and mood swings. It is better to avoid excessive caffeine or sugar, which can often worsen symptoms.  Practicing gentle yoga, meditation, or journaling can reduce stress. Sleep is especially important during this phase. 

Knowing your menstrual cycle isn’t just about preventing surprises in your underwear. It helps women, and girls alike, understand why, how and when their mood swings and energy changes will appear and how that will impact their overall health. Tracking your cycle can even help spot irregularities that might need medical attention. 

It’s time for schools to give girls the same, clear factual education that boys get about their bodies. Periods are natural, normal and nothing to be embarrassed about!

Works Cited

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Menstrual Cycle.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/science/menstrual-cycle 

“Menstrual Cycle: What’s Normal, What’s Not.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2024, www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/menstrual-cycle/art-20047186

“Physiology, Menstrual Cycle.” StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2024, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-24987 

“Stages of Menstrual Cycle.” Healthline, 2023 www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/stages-of-menstrual-cycle 

“The Menstrual Cycle.” UCSF Health, University of California San Francisco, 2024, www.ucsfhealth.org/education/the-menstrual-cycle 

“Your Menstrual Cycle.” Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024, womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/your-menstrual-cycle.